The study was cross-sectional, survey-based and was conducted from March to July of 2021. To explore the possible predictors of severe illness and hospitalization due to COVID-19 among Jordanians. This meta-analysis shows associations between blood groups and SARS-CoV-2 infection and supports the hypothesis that blood type O may have a slightly lower risk of infection, whereas blood type A may have a slightly higher risk of infection. Conversely, group A was slightly more associated with infection, as compared to the other three groups (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.00–1.13, p = 0.04). Group O was slightly less associated with infection, as compared to the other three blood groups (OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.85–0.99, p = 0.02).
Overall, 487,985 subjects had blood group A, 151,879 had group B, 52,621 had group AB, and 548,795 had group O. Overall, 22 articles were selected and more than 1,200,000 individuals of whom 74,563 resulted positive to SARS-CoV-2 and 1,166,717 resulted negative, were included in the meta-analysis. Odds ratios were obtained in each study and then synthesised by using meta-analysis. All studies in people undergoing SARS-CoV-2 test controls were included. We systematically searched for articles in EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane library published up to to explore the association of the ABO blood group with the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several studies have investigated the risk factors predisposing to the infection and reported that the host susceptibility can be linked to the ABO blood group, but the current evidence is controversial. The SARS-CoV-2 infection has caused over 422 million contagions and 5.8 million deaths resulting in a global health crisis. Rh+ patients were more likely to test positive. Patients with blood types B and AB who received a test were more likely to test positive and blood type O was less likely to test positive. Blood type was not associated with risk of intubation or death in patients with COVID-19. Rh+ status was associated with higher odds of testing positive (AOR: 1.23, CI: 1.003–1.50). Blood type A had no correlation with positive testing (AOR: 1.00, CI: 0.88–1.13), blood type B was associated with higher odds of testing positive for disease (AOR: 1.28, CI: 1.08–1.52), AB was also associated with higher odds of testing positive (AOR: 1.37, CI: 1.02–1.83), and O was associated with a lower risk of testing positive (AOR: 0.84, CI: 0.75–0.95). After multivariable analysis, blood type was not independently associated with risk of intubation or death (referent blood type A blood type B: AOR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.42–1.26, blood type AB: AOR: 0.78, CI: 0.33–1.87, blood type O: AOR: 0.77, CI: 0.51–1.16), rhesus factor positive (Rh+): AOR: 1.03, CI: 0.93–1.86. On univariate analysis, there was no association between blood type and any of the peak inflammatory markers (peak WBC, p = 0.25 peak LDH, p = 0.40 peak ESR, p = 0.16 peak CRP, p = 0.14) nor between blood type and any of the clinical outcomes of severity (admission p = 0.20, ICU admission p = 0.94, intubation p = 0.93, proning while intubated p = 0.58, ECMO p = 0.09, and death p = 0.49). Of the 1289 patients who tested positive, 440 (34.2%) were blood type A, 201 (15.6%) were blood type B, 61 (4.7%) were blood type AB, and 587 (45.5%) were blood type O.
A total of 484 (37.5%) were admitted to hospital, 123 (9.5%) were admitted to the ICU, 108 (8.4%) were intubated, 3 (0.2%) required ECMO, and 89 (6.9%) died. Of these, 1289 tested positive with a known blood type. During the study period, there were 7648 patients who received COVID-19 testing throughout the institutions. Univariate analysis was conducted using standard techniques and logistic regression was used to determine the independent effect of blood type on intubation and/or death and positive testing. Hospitalization, intubation, and death were evaluated for association with blood type. In a multi-institutional study, all adult patients who tested positive for COVID-19 across five hospitals were identified and included from March 6th to April 16th, 2020. This study aimed to determine if there is an association between ABO blood type and severity of COVID-19 defined by intubation or death as well as ascertain if there is variability in testing positive for COVID-19 between blood types.
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